Identify the Phenotypic Indicators for Prognostic of Hypothetical Litter Size of Black Bengal Goat

The present investigation recorded that the average litter size was 2.03 per doe and the prolificacy rate being 202.92%. The result indicates that the litter size proportion for single, twin and triplet were 28.3%, 40.4% and 31.3% respectively. The present study revealed substantial phenotypic variations among the goats bearing single, twin and triplet foetus. Based on stepwise discriminant function to find out month wise phenotypic descriptors, some important linear traits namely Punch girth (PG), Body Weight (BW), Rump Length (RL), Croup Height (CrH), Clearance of Sternum (CS), Distance between Tuber coxae (DTC), Distance between Trochanter major (DTM), Head-Rump Length (HRL), Body Length (BL), Curved Head-Rump Length (HRCL), Heart girth (HG, Pelvic Triangle (PLVT) and Wither Height (WH); were identified to be significant in discriminating the foetal numbers between groups. Out of these, HRL measurement might be considered as one of the best indicator for higher Litter Size (LZ) during the second, third, fourth, fifth parity. Other best suitable phenotypic descriptors like BL, CS, PG, PLVT and BW could be used to predict probable kidding size.

Reproductive Traits for Identifying Prolific Black Bengal Goat (Capra hircus bengalensis)

The present investigation recorded that the average litter size was 2.03 per doe and the prolificacy rate being 202.92%. The result indicates that the litter size proportion for single, twin and triplet were 28.3%, 40.4% and 31.3% respectively. There was a tendency of increasing body weight with higher litter size and such variation was highly significant (P<0.01). The result revealed that the overall mean age of first estrus was 209.08±2.06 days. Maximum age of first conception was 226.18±5.39 days when the animal gave single birth and the minimum AC was 216.65±4.9 days when it produced triplet indicating that failure of conception was more in single bearing does. Service period were recorded to very significantly (P<0.01) among different litter bearing groups, the highest value was observed in triplet producing does (80.88±4.68 days). This is an important finding to understand that, less Age of Puberty (AP), Age at 1stConception (AC), Days Open (DO) & Kidding Interval (KI) has prominent benefit for multiple foetuses and thus achieving economic benefit.

No Association of Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Gene and litter size in Gaddi Goat Breed Reared under Migratory System in Western Himalayan Ranges of Himachal Pradesh

Gaddi is the predominant Indian goat breed also known as “White Himalayan goat”, constituting 60-65% of total goats in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The polymorphism of prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene was found to have relationship with prolificacy in goats. In present study, polymorphism of intron 2 region of PRLR gene was investigated in Gaddi goats (n = 89) using PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing approach. PCR-SSCP assay of 176 bp amplicon of intron 2 region of PRLR gene revealed polymorphism with three types of genotypes viz., AA, AB and BB with genotypic frequencies as 0.31, 0.55 and 0.14, respectively. The allelic frequency of alleles A and B were 0.59 and 0.41, respectively in all the screened goat population. Genetic diversity analysis revealed the value of Ne, Hobs, Hexp and PIC were 1.96, 0.52, 0.49 and 0.37, respectively. The Ne and Hobs values also indicated that sufficient genetic variation exists at the studied locus. FIS estimate was observed as -0.15 indicating heterozygous excess at studied locus. DNA sequencing of amplified product revealed one nucleotide mutation (T92C) in intron 2 region of PRLR gene. The mean litter size in AA, AB and AB genotypes were 1.27±0.12, 1.41±0.09 and 1.84±0.26, respectively. No significant (P>0.05) associations of PRLR genotypes with litter size were observed. Effect of season and parity were also found to be non-significant (P>0.05) on litter size. Consequently, the study on additional data based on more number of animals in diversified flock should be carried out for future association studies.

Genetic parameters and trends for litter size in Markhoz goats / Parámetros genéticos y tendencias para el tamaño de la camada en cabras Markhoz / Parâmetros genéticos e tendências para o tamanho da ninhada em cabras Markhoz

Abstract Background: Prolificacy has a high economic value and is one of the most important reproduction traits in small ruminants such as Markhoz goats, which is an endangered breed. Objective: To estimate genetic, environmental and phenotypic trends, and genetic parameters for litter size (LS), as a prolificacy trait of Markhoz goat does. Methods: The study was conducted using kidding records of 3,064 Markhoz does from 1992 to 2015. Genetic parameters were estimated with a logit link function using ASReml software, fitting a repeatability animal model, with birth year, kidding year, and kidding age as fixed effects, and direct additive genetic and permanent environmental effects as random effects. Genetic, phenotypic and environmental trends were estimated by using regression of breeding value, phenotypic value and environmental deviation averages on birth year, respectively. Results: Low and negligible heritability (0.002), repeatability (0.054) and coefficient of permanent environment (0.052) were estimated for LS, which indicates low possibility to achieve rapid genetic progress through phenotypic selection. A non-significant -actually, zero- genetic trend (0.00004 heads/kidding/year), and significant negative phenotypic and environmental trends (-0.01097 and -0.01100 heads/kidding/year, respectively) were estimated in this study. Conclusion: Optimizing environmental conditions and application of high-throughput technologies in selection programs could help reducing the extinction risk of Markhoz breed.

Resumen Antecedentes: La prolificidad tiene un alto valor económico y es uno de los rasgos reproductivos más importantes en pequeños rumiantes, tales como la raza caprina Markhoz. que está en peligro de extinción. Objetivo: Estimar las tendencias genéticas, ambientales y fenotípicas, y los parámetros genéticos para el tamaño de la camada (LS), como rasgo de prolificidad de las hembras de cabras Markhoz. Métodos: Se utilizaron registros de partos de 3.064 hembras Markhoz, de 1992 a 2015. Los parámetros genéticos se estimaron con una función de enlace logit utilizando el software ASReml, ajustando un modelo animal de repetibilidad, con el año de nacimiento, el año del parto y la edad al parto como efectos fijos, y genéticos aditivos directos y efectos ambientales permanentes como efectos aleatorios. Las tendencias genéticas, fenotípicas y ambientales se estimaron mediante la regresión del valor de la cría, el valor fenotípico y los promedios de desviación ambiental en el año de nacimiento, respectivamente. Resultados: Se estimó la heredabilidad -baja e insignificante- (0,002), repetibilidad (0,054) y coeficiente de ambiente permanente (0,052) para LS, lo que indica una baja posibilidad de lograr un progreso genético rápido a través de selección fenotípica. Se estimó una tendencia genética no significativa -de hecho, cero- (0,00004 cabezas/parto/año) y se estimaron tendencias fenotípicas y ambientales negativas significativas (-0,01097 y -0,01100 cabezas/parto/año, respectivamente) en el período estudiado. Conclusión: La optimización de las condiciones ambientales y la aplicación de tecnologías de alto rendimiento en los programas de selección podrían reducir el riesgo de extinción de la raza Markhoz.

Resumo Antecedentes: A prolificidade tem um elevado valor económico e é uma das mais importantes características de reprodução nos pequenos ruminantes, como a raça de caprinos Markhoz, que está em perigo de extinção. Objetivo: Estimar tendências genéticas, ambientais e fenotípicas, e parâmetros genéticos para o tamanho da serapilheira (LS), como um traço de proliferação de cabras Markhoz. Métodos: Este estudo foi realizado usando registros de parto de 3.064 Markhoz entre 1992 e 2015. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados com uma função logit link utilizando o software ASReml, ajustando um modelo animal de repetibilidade, com o ano de nascimento, o ano de parto ea idade de caçoar como efeitos fixos e efeitos ambientais diretos e genéticos diretos como efeitos aleatórios. As tendências genéticas, fenotípicas e ambientais foram estimadas pela regressão do valor de criação, valor fenotípico e médias de desvio ambiental no ano de nascimento, respectivamente. Resultados: Herdabilidade baixa e negligenciável (0,002), repetibilidade (0,054) e coeficiente de ambiente permanente (0,052) foram estimadas para LS, o que indica baixa possibilidade de alcançar um progresso genético rápido através da seleção fenotípica. Foi estimada uma tendência genética não-significativa e realmente zero (0,00004 cabeças/parto/ano) e tendências fenotípicas e ambientais negativas significativas (-0,01097 e -0,01100 cabeças/parto/ano, respectivamente) no período estudado. Conclusão: Parece que a otimização das condições ambientais ea aplicação de tecnologias de alto rendimento em programas de seleção poderiam reduzir o risco de extinção para a raça Markhoz.

Survey of mutations in prolificacy genes in Santa Ines and Morada Nova sheep / Pesquisa de mutações em genes da prolificidade em ovelhas Santa Inês e Morada Nova

Polymorphisms in the BMP-15 gene related to Galway (FecXG) and Inverdale (FecXI) and in the BMPR-1B gene known as Booroola (FecB) mutations were investigated using the Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, on sheep from the breeds Santa Inês (n= 574) and Morada Nova (n=282). DNA was extracted and amplified through PCR with specific primers that introduced a restriction site in association with the mutation. The PCR products were submitted to endonucleases. The experiment found no FecXG and FecXI mutations. Six samples of animals with multiple offspring/birth history presented polymorphism for FecB similar to control samples, but this pattern was not confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Although the absence of these mutations in the studied breeds, other factors related to prolificacy should be investigated to explain the inherent prolificity mechanisms.(AU)

Polimorfismos Galway (Fec XG ) e Inverdale (Fec XI), relacionados ao gene BMP-15, e Booroola (FecB), localizado no gene BMPR-1B, foram investigados usando-se a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase - polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos de restrição (PCR-RFLP), em ovelhas Santa Inês (n= 574) e Morada Nova (n=282). O DNA foi extraído e amplificado por PCR com iniciadores específicos, que introduziram um sítio de restrição associado à mutação, em seguida os amplicons foram submetidos à ação de endonucleases. Não foram observadas as mutações Fec XG e Fec XI nas amostras estudadas. Amostras de seis animais com histórico de partos gemelares apresentaram polimorfismo para FecB semelhantes às amostras controle, mas esse padrão não foi confirmado pelo sequenciamento de nucleotídeos. Apesar da ausência dessas mutações nos animais das raças estudadas, outros fatores relacionados à prolificidade devem ser pesquisados para explicar os mecanismos da alta prolificidade desses animais.(AU)

Indicadores de eficiencia productiva de un módulo experimental de chinchillas y su comparación con los de sistemas de producción comercial

En un sistema de producción intensivo de chinchillas, de pequeña escala, manejado en base a un protocolo experimental con control artificial del fotoperíodo se relevaron durante tres años consecutivos 24 indicadores productivo-reproductivos. Los valores de todos los indicadores fueron similares o superiores a los informados en la bibliografía en diferentes sistemas productivos. Ello puede explicarse por: la fertilidad promedio mantenida durante el período estudiado, generada en parte por el refugo sistemático anual de toda hembra sin parto registrado, independientemente de su fenotipo peletero; el tamaño de la camada al nacimiento y al destete, que si bien mostraron valores dentro del rango de referencia bibliográfica, estuvieron acompañados por un porcentaje de mortalidad total satisfactorio y partos por reproductora por año y por madre por año por encima de la mayor parte de los datos referenciados en la bibliografía atribuibles a la estimulación determinada por el manejo fotoperiódico. La conjunción de estos indicadores permitió alcanzar valores de 2,31 y 2,85 gazapos destetados por reproductora y por madre por año. Los valores informados en el Módulo experimental superan en un gazapo destetado por madre y por año a los emprendimientos dedicados a la producción de chinchillas del área de influencia de la FCV-UNR.

In a small-scale chinchilla intensive production system, managed on the basis of an experimental protocol with artificial control of the photoperiod, 24 productive-reproductive indicators were surveyed for three consecutive years. The values of all indicators were similar or higher than those reported in the literature in different production systems. This can be explained by: (1) the average fertility maintained during the period studied, generated in part by the annual systematic scrap of all females without registered birth, regardless of their skin phenotype; (2) the size of litter at birth and weaning, which although showed values within the range of bibliographic reference, were accompanied by an acceptable percentage of total mortality, and (3) births per reproductive female per year and per mother per year above most of the data referenced in the literature, attributable to the stimulation determined by photoperiodic management. The values reported in the Experimental Module surpassed in one kitten weaned per mother and per year, the enterprises dedicated to the production of chinchillas of the area of influence of the FCV-UNR.

Ovelha Santa Inês é mãe de cordeiros quadrigêmeos: relato de caso / Santa Inês ewe is mother of quadruplet lambs: a case report

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever um caso de parto quadrigemelar em uma ovelha da raça Santa Inês. Em abril de 2013, foi atendida, em uma propriedade rural no município de Santa Cruz da Conceição, estado de São Paulo, uma ovelha da raça Sant Inês que havia parido quatro cordeiros. Nasceram três fêmeas, com pelagem marrom, branca e preta, e um macho, com pelagem preta. No período de uma hora após o parto, todos os cordeiros ficaram em pé e mamaram o colostro. A ovelha não rejeitou nenhum dos cordeiros...

The study aimed to describe a case of Santa Inês ewe having quadruplets. In April of 2013 on a farm in Santa Cruz da Conceição, São Paulo, a Santa Inês sheep that had calved 4 lambs was assisted. There were three females and one male, the females had brown coats, white and black, and the male had a black coat. Within 1 hour after birth all lambs were standing and suckled colostrum. The ewe did not reject any of the lambs...

Evaluación biológica de dos sistemas de apareamiento en ovinos de raza Columbia en producción intensiva / Biological evaluation of two breeding systems of intensive production in the Columbia breed sheep

The biological efficiency of two breeding systems for sheep in the Mexican high plateau was evaluated. A total of 300 adult and 60 replacement sheep of the Columbia breed were randomly distributed into two groups of 150 adults and 30 young ones (mean age to first birth of 18 months). Mates of 36 days with natural mount every eight months (March, November and July) were done in the first group (intensive system). In the second group (annual system), a 45-day mating was done starting on November every year. Marker males were introduced 15 days before mating in all cases, which were replaced on the first day of mating for stallions at a one male for every 20 female ratios. The physical condition of all females was evaluated every month. The animals grazed 8 to 9 hours in grasslands of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Orchard (Dactylis glomerata) and Rye (Lolium perenne) grasses irrigated by aspersion. Only the sheep in the intensive system received supplement during lactation and re-mating. Breeding was achieved in both systems in all seasons. The mean fertility of the three breeding of the intensive system was 83.9%; while the mean fertility of the two annual breeding was 88.3% (P < 0.05). Prolificacy was 1.12 vs 1.32 (P < 0.05) for the intensive and annual breeding, respectively; mortality at weaning was 5.3% vs 6.4% (P < 0.05), weaning rate was 0.89 vs 1.09 (P < 0.05), the number of weaned lambs per ewe in two years was 2.5 vs 2.0 and lamb weight was 55.9 vs 44.4 kg (P < 0.05), respectively. Adult ewes were superior to the young ones in all the evaluated parameters, regardless of the kind of mating (P < 0.05). Results in this study allowed to compare the biological efficiency between an intensive breeding system every eight months and an annual breeding system. They also show the possibility of mating sheep of the Columbia breed in an intensive way.

Se evaluó la eficacia biológica de dos sistemas de apareamiento en ovinos del altiplano central de México. Un total de 300 ovejas adultas y 60 de reemplazo de la raza Columbia se distribuyeron al azar en dos grupos de 150 adultas y 30 jóvenes (edad promedio al primer parto de 18 meses). En el primer grupo (sistema intensivo) se realizaron empadres de 36 días, con monta natural cada ocho meses (marzo, noviembre y julio), mientras que en el segundo grupo (sistema anual) se llevó a cabo un empadre de 45 días, iniciando en noviembre de cada año. En todos los casos, quince días antes del empadre se introdujeron machos marcadores, que en la fecha de inicio del empadre se sustituían por sementales en proporción de un macho por cada 20 hembras. Mensualmente se evaluó la condición física de todas las hembras. Los animales pastorearon de ocho a nueve horas diarias en praderas de alfalfa (Medicago sativa) y pastos orchard (Dactylis glomerata) y rye grass (Lolium perenne) irrigadas por aspersión. Solamente las ovejas del sistema intensivo recibieron complemento durante la lactancia y el reempadre. En los dos sistemas se lograron apareamientos en todas las épocas, la fertilidad en los tres empadres del sistema intensivo fue de 83.9%, mientras que el promedio de los dos empadres anuales fue de 88.3% (P < 0.05). En el mismo orden, la prolificidad fue de 1.12 vs 1.32 (P < 0.05); la mortalidad al destete, 5.3% vs 6.4% (P > 0.05); la tasa de destete, 0.89 vs 1.09 (P < 0.05); el número de corderos destetados por oveja en dos años fue de 2.5 vs 2.0, y de kg de cordero de 55.9 vs 44.4 kg (P < 0.05). Independientemente del tipo de empadre, las ovejas adultas fueron superiores a las jóvenes en todos los parámetros evaluados (P < 0.05). Los resultados de este estudio permiten comparar la eficacia biológica entre un sistema de apareamiento intensivo cada ocho meses y uno anual, también muestra la posibilidad de aparear ovejas de la raza Columbia en forma intensiva.